Efektivitas Ekstrak Daun Jarak Kepyar (Ricinus communis linn) terhadap Mortalitas Larva Culex Sp.

Effectiveness of Castor Leaf Extract (Ricinus communis linn) on the Mortality of Culex sp. Larvae

Abstract

Nyamuk Culex sp. merupakan salah satu vektor penyakit menular seperti filariasis yang masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia. Larva Culex sp. hidup di perairan yang mengandung bahan organik dan aktif memakan mikroorganisme serta kotoran organik. Upaya pengendalian larva umumnya menggunakan larvasida kimia, namun penggunaannya dalam jangka panjang dapat menimbulkan resistensi dan dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan alternatif larvasida alami yang lebih aman dan ramah lingkungan, salah satunya berasal dari tanaman jarak kepyar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas ekstrak daun jarak kepyar terhadap mortalitas larva Culex sp. Penelitian menggunakan metode eksperimen sejati dengan rancangan Posttest Only Control Group Design. Sampel berupa larva Culex sp. instar III dan IV sebanyak 25 ekor per kelompok perlakuan. Ekstrak daun jarak kepyar dibuat dengan metode maserasi dingin dan diuji pada dua konsentrasi, yaitu 138 ppm dan 453 ppm, serta disertai kontrol positif dan negatif. Data mortalitas dianalisis menggunakan uji ANOVA dan Mann–Whitney U. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mortalitas larva meningkat seiring peningkatan konsentrasi, yaitu pada instar III sebesar 5,33% (138 ppm) dan 10,67% (453 ppm), sedangkan pada instar IV sebesar 4% (138 ppm) dan 8% (453 ppm). Analisis statistik menunjukkan nilai signifikansi > 0,05, yang berarti tidak terdapat perbedaan nyata antar konsentrasi maupun antar instar. Kesimpulannya, ekstrak daun jarak kepyar belum efektif sebagai larvasida terhadap larva Culex sp. karena tingkat kematian masih di bawah nilai LC₅₀ dan LC₉₀. Disarankan penelitian lanjutan dengan konsentrasi ekstrak lebih tinggi, waktu paparan lebih lama, serta uji fitokimia untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa aktif yang berpotensi sebagai larvasida nabati.

Culex sp. mosquitoes are one of the vectors of infectious diseases such as filariasis, which remains a public health problem in Indonesia. Culex sp. larvae live in waters containing organic matter and actively feed on microorganisms and organic waste. Larvae control efforts generally use chemical larvicides, but long-term use can cause resistance and negative impacts on the environment. Therefore, safer and more environmentally friendly natural larvicides are needed, one of which is derived from the castor bean plant. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of castor bean leaf extract on the mortality of Culex sp. larvae. The study used a true experimental method with a Posttest Only Control Group Design. Samples were 25 instar III and IV Culex sp. larvae per treatment group. The castor bean leaf extract was prepared using the cold maceration method and tested at two concentrations, namely 138 ppm and 453 ppm, and accompanied by positive and negative controls. Mortality data were analyzed using ANOVA and Mann–Whitney U tests. The results showed that larval mortality increased with increasing concentration, namely in instar III by 5.33% (138 ppm) and 10.67% (453 ppm), while in instar IV by 4% (138 ppm) and 8% (453 ppm). Statistical analysis showed a significance value > 0.05, which means there was no significant difference between concentrations or between instars. In conclusion, castor bean leaf extract is not yet effective as a larvicide against Culex sp. larvae because the mortality rate is still below the LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values. Further research is recommended with higher extract concentrations, longer exposure times, and phytochemical tests to identify active compounds that have the potential as botanical larvicides.